Authors: E.Iu. Van, V.G. Mikhailov, A.V. Shevelyuhina

Title of the article: Sodium-ion batteries as an alternative technology to lithium-ion batteries in chemical power sources

Year: 2025, Issue: 3, Pages: 182-198

Branch of knowledge: 2.6.8. Technology of rare, scattered and radioactive elements

Index UDK: 544.65

DOI: 10.26730/1999-4125-2025-3-182-198

Abstract: Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are the most common way to store energy, but the high cost of Li leads to the search for alternative ion batteries. Technologies for the production of sodium-ion batteries (SIB) are increasingly attracting the attention of the scientific community as a good alternative to the production of LIB. However, SIB production technologies require the search for such a battery anode material that would satisfy the conditions of optimal operating voltage, preventing the formation of Na dendrites. The use of tin phosphides Sn4P3, Sn3P4 and SnP3 as SIB anode materials allows us to solve this problem. In this paper, we consider methods for obtaining stable Sn4P3, Sn3P4 and SnP3, as well as metastable SnP. A fundamental study of the possibility of using such tin phosphides should be based on information obtained from the phase diagram of the Sn – P binary system. The review presents the latest literature data on the state of phase equilibria and conditions for the formation of Sn4P3, Sn3P4, and SnP3 phosphides in the tin-phosphorus binary system. The importance of using the results of phase equilibria studies for the tin-phosphorus binary system in choosing the design and operation conditions of the SIB phosphide anode is shown. Sn4P3, Sn3P4, and SnP3, as well as SnP, can be used in composites with carbon of varying degrees of grinding, and as anode material for SIB they show good technological characteristics. Current methods of using tin phosphides, as well as their composites with carbon, as SIB anodes are presented; examples of technical and economic analysis of the implementation of known SIB are given.

Key words: Li Na K-ion batteries phase diagrams tin phosphides composite anodes anode materials

Receiving date: 10.02.2025

Approval date: 10.06.2025

Publication date: 26.06.2025

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